HIV/AIDS Information

What is HIV?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the virus that causes AIDS. It attacks the human immune system. Over time (and without effective treatment), HIV gradually destroys the body’s defenses against disease, leaving it vulnerable to many infections and cancers that would not normally develop in healthy people.

Even without treatment, some people with HIV infection have no symptoms at all, some have mild health problems, while others have severe health problems associated with AIDS.

What is AIDS?

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a late stage of HIV infection. By the time a diagnosis of AIDS is made, HIV will already have seriously damaged the body’s immune system. Often, a person with an AIDS diagnosis will already have had a life-threatening infection or cancer.

Before the use of effective treatment, it commonly took 10 years or more from the time of initial HIV infection to a diagnosis of AIDS; and, on average, it would take another two to four years before death. However, new treatments are radically slowing the destruction of the immune system caused by HIV and lengthening life expectancy. Some people with HIV infection may never developed AIDS.

How is HIV transmitted?

HIV is transmitted when infected blood, semen, vaginal fluids, or breast milk enter another person’s body. This most often occurs during unprotected sex or during injection drug use (when needles or other drug paraphernalia (cottons or cookers) are shared). Anyone who is infected with HIV can transmit it, whether or not they appear sick, have an AIDS diagnosis, or are taking effective treatment for their infection. Infected women who become pregnant can transmit HIV to their newborns and are much more likely to do so if they are not treated effectively.

HIV is spread in the following ways:

Unprotected sexual intercourse.

HIV can enter the body during sex through the mucous membranes of the anus, vagina, penis (urethra), or mouth; AND through cuts, sores, and abrasions on the skin. Unprotected anal and vaginal sex are the riskiest sexual activities. There are a small, but growing, number of reported cases of HIV transmission through oral sex; however, the risk of oral sex transmission is clearly lower than for anal or vaginal sex. With each of these practices, the receptive partner (vagina, anus, mouth) is at greatest risk; however, the inserting partner is also at high risk.

Injection drug use.

Using shared, unsterile needles and syringes carries a high risk of HIV transmission. Sharing cookers, cottons, and water for mixing/bleaching can also transmit HIV. After use, small amounts of blood can remain in the used needles, syringes, cookers, and cottons. Blood may also remain in the water used for mixing drugs or bleaching equipment. This remaining blood can enter the body of the next user when any of these items are shared. If this blood is HIV infected, transmission can easily occur.

From an infected mother to her infant.

HIV can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, during birth, or through breast-feeding. Before treatment with AZT became a routine recommendation, about 1 in 4 or 5 babies born to HIV-infected women became infected. Now, when treatment is taken, the HIV transmission rate from a mother to her baby is greatly reduced. Consequently, all pregnant women should see their doctor, be tested for HIV, and obtain recommended treatment.

HIV is rarely transmitted in the following ways:

Blood transfusions and organ transplants.

The risk of acquiring HIV from a blood transfusion today is estimated to be about 1 in every 600,000 transfusions. The risk of acquiring HIV from organ transplantation is probably similar. Before 1985, there were no tests to screen blood and organ donations for HIV. Today, blood and organ banks screen out most potential donors at risk for HIV infection in advance. They then do extensive testing on specimens of blood, blood products, and organs for HIV and other blood-borne germs.

The health care setting.

There is a very small, but real, risk of health care workers getting HIV from patients as a result of needle stick accidents and other substantial blood exposures. The risk of patients getting infected from health care workers is also very small. A large series of studies of HIV-infected surgeons and dentists have not shown any transmissions to patients. Nonetheless, seven patients may have become infected from a dentist with AIDS in Florida, and several other transmissions have been traced to surgeons.

HIV is not transmitted by:

Casual contact.

HIV is not spread by casual contact. It dies quickly outside the body and is easily killed by soap and by common disinfectants such as bleach. There is no risk of HIV infection from:

donating blood
mosquito bites
toilet seats
shaking hands
hugging
sharing eating utensils
food or objects handled by people with HIV or AIDS
spending time in the same house, business, or public place with a person with HIV/AIDS

Who is at risk for HIV infection?

Anyone can become infected with HIV. In the United States, men who have sex with other men and people who use needles to inject illicit drugs are at the highest risk of HIV infection. Female partners of injection drug users and bisexual men account for a growing number of reported AIDS cases in the United States.

How can HIV transmission from injection drug use be prevented?

The surest way to completely avoid HIV infection from injection drug use is to abstain. The next surest way is to use a brand new syringe every time you inject. If brand new syringes are not available, properly bleaching a used syringe may be an effective method of reducing HIV transmission.

In addition to needles, sharing cookers, cottons, other parts of the syringe (e.g., the barrel and plunger), or water used for mixing/bleaching also can transmit HIV. To avoid infection, these items must not be shared.

Drugs — injected or not — can also increase a person’s risk for HIV by impairing judgement, decision-making ability, and/or by enhancing sexual drive. Studies have shown that – even when drunk or high – people can successfully use condoms and clean needles/syringes. Nonetheless, people who are drunk or high often take more risks than if they were sober.

How can sexual transmission of HIV be prevented?

The surest way to avoid the sexual transmission of HIV infection is to abstain from sexual activity with other people. The next surest way is to have sex with only one partner who is known to be uninfected with HIV AND who only has sex with you.

For those with a new sex partner, abstain or use condoms for at least 3 months and then get tested for HIV antibodies. If you and your partner are both HIV negative and each of you are not engaging in other risk behaviors (e.g., sharing needles or having other sex partners), then you won’t have to worry about HIV infection.

For someone with an HIV positive partner, a partner who does not know their HIV status, or multiple sexual partners, touching, dry kissing, body rubbing, and mutual masturbation are the safest sexual activities. For any penetrative sex acts such as vaginal, anal, or oral sex, condoms are highly effective at reducing the risk of HIV transmission especially when used consistently and correctly.

What is the HIV Antibody Test

There are several types of HIV antibody tests used today. All are highly accurate at detecting HIV antibodies, specific proteins made in response to an HIV infection. After infection with HIV, however, it can take up to 3 months for HIV antibodies to develop.

A negative HIV antibody test result means that a person does not have detectable HIV antibodies at the time of the test. Since it can take up to 3 months after HIV infection for antibodies to develop, a negative test result is reliable only if the person has not had any sexual or needle-sharing risk behavior during the 3 months prior to testing. Some people with recent risk behavior will test HIV antibody negative, yet may have actually been infected during the previous 3 months; these people will also likely be highly infectious and may easily transmit HIV to their sex and needle-sharing partners. Finally, a negative test result does not mean that a person is safe from future HIV infection. People who test HIV antibody negative are urged to continue to follow HIV prevention guidelines to avoid becoming infected. And people who continue risk behaviors should retest at least every 6 months.

A positive HIV antibody test result means that HIV antibodies are present and that the person has HIV infection. It does not mean the person has AIDS, although many HIV-positive people may develop AIDS after years of infection with HIV. Anyone who tests HIV-positive can transmit the virus to others, regardless of how long they have been infected, whether they have AIDS or other symptoms, or whether their HIV infection is being treated effectively. It is extremely important that HIV-positive people follow HIV prevention guidelines, not only to protect their partners from getting HIV infection, but also to protect themselves from infection with other germs that could cause HIV/AIDS-related disease.

Do condoms provide 100% protection from HIV?

No, condoms are not 100% effective at preventing HIV transmission; however, when used correctly and consistently, condoms are highly effective and reliable in reducing the risk of transmitting and acquiring HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The surest ways to avoid the sexual transmission of HIV (and other STDs) is:

to abstain from sex, or
to have sex with only one partner known be uninfected. The next surest way is to use condoms consistently and correctly during all penetrative sexual acts. When condoms do fail, it is most often because of improper and/or inconsistent use.

The following these basic rules will further reduce the small chance of condom failure:

Use latex (rubber) or polyurethane condoms. These are preferable to “natural skin” condoms, which may have tiny holes through which HIV may pass.
Choose a condom that fits. Condoms come in different sizes, shapes, and styles. Experiment with different condoms and practice putting them on before intercourse. Also practice your negotiating skills by talking with a close friend about your desire and intention to use condoms.
Open and handle condoms carefully. Never use a condom in a damaged package or one that is past its expiration date. Do not store condoms in hot or sunny places (for example, in a wallet or by a window).
Use plenty of water-based lubricant to reduce the friction that can cause breakage. Never use oil-based lubricants like Vaseline, hand cream, Crisco, or mineral oil which can rapidly break down latex and allow the virus to pass through. Water-based lubricants include K-Y Jelly, Slippery stuff, ForPlay, and most contraceptive jellies.
Put the condom on after erection but before insertion. Leave some room at the tip for the discharged semen (some condoms have a reservoir tip for this). It is important to pinch the tip as you roll it down onto the penis to be sure that there are no air bubbles that could pop under pressure. If the penis is uncircumcised, pull back the foreskin before unrolling the condom all the way down to the base of the penis.
After intercourse, withdraw the penis while still erect, holding the base of the condom to prevent it from slipping off or spilling semen. Remove the condom and wash the penis with soap and water.
Use a condom only once and dispose of it in the garbage; do not flush condoms down the toilet. Never reuse a condom.
Use a condom EVERY TIME during sex when transmission or acquisition of HIV is possible.

What are the symptoms of a new HIV infection?

Approximately 50-90% of people with new HIV infections have mild to severe “flu-like” symptoms approximately 2 weeks to 3 months after the HIV exposure. Some people do not have any symptoms. In general, symptoms are not a reliable indicator of HIV infection. Many people with HIV infection do not experience symptoms for many years after infection. Likewise, many people with the symptoms listed below do not have HIV infection. An HIV antibody test taken 3 months after a potential exposure can tell you if infection has occurred.

Many of the symptoms of HIV infection are the same as for other, less serious illnesses.

People who may have been exposed to HIV should see a doctor promptly if the following symptoms occur within 3 months of the exposure:

A persistent fever of over 101 degrees that lasts for more than 2 days that is without a known cause.
Night sweats that soak your pajamas or sheets when the room is not hot and heavy covers are not being used.
A persistent rash of unknown cause.
Persistent swollen glands (lumps under the skin) which occur in several places at once (especially the neck, armpits and groin).
Sore throat
Constant tiredness

Is there a cure for HIV and AIDS?

No, but, in recent years, medical providers have become much better at identifying, monitoring, and treating HIV infection and AIDS. In particular, drugs known as protease inhibitors — when used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs — may dramatically improve the health and quality of life for many people living with HIV/AIDS.

While there is not currently a cure or vaccine for HIV/AIDS, there are many things that people infected with HIV can do to keep themselves healthy and to live longer. The first step for anyone who has HIV infection is to see a knowledgeable medical provider. This provider will be able to assess and monitor the infection, and, if appropriate, prescribe antiretroviral medicines.

The benefits of early diagnosis and treatment of HIV/AIDS are important reasons for people at risk for HIV infection to learn their HIV antibody status through testing. For people not infected, but at increased risk of infection, it is important to get tested regularly (every 3-6 months) for HIV antibodies. One purpose of regular testing is to assure that those who are newly infected with HIV may be assessed and treated at the earliest possible opportunity. Another purpose is to minimize the chance of HIV transmission when people are newly infected and highly infectious.

Although medical care and drugs are expensive, programs exist to ensure that people with HIV infection and AIDS can get assessment and treatment

Can I get HIV from oral sex?

Yes, it is possible for either partner to become infected with HIV through performing or receiving oral sex. There have been a few cases of HIV transmission from performing oral sex on a person infected with HIV. While no one knows exactly what the degree of risk is, evidence suggests that the risk is less than that of unprotected anal or vaginal sex.

If the person performing oral sex has HIV, blood from their mouth may enter the body of the person receiving oral sex through

the lining of the urethra (the opening at the tip of the penis);
the lining of the vagina or cervix;
the lining of the anus; or
directly into the body through small cuts or open sores.

If the person receiving oral sex has HIV, their blood, semen (cum), pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum), or vaginal fluid may contain the virus. Cells lining the mouth of the person performing oral sex may allow HIV to enter their body.

The risk of HIV transmission increases

if the person performing oral sex has cuts or sores around or in their mouth or throat;
if the person receiving oral sex ejaculates in the mouth of the person performing oral sex; or
if the person receiving oral sex has another sexually transmitted disease (STD).

Not having (abstaining from) sex is the most effective way to avoid HIV.

If you choose to perform oral sex, and your partner is male,

use a latex condom on the penis; or
if you or your partner is allergic to latex, plastic (polyurethane) condoms can be used.

Studies have shown that latex condoms are very effective, though not perfect, in preventing HIV transmission when used correctly and consistently. If either partner is allergic to latex, plastic (polyurethane) condoms for either the male or female can be used. For more information about latex condoms, see “Male Latex Condoms and Sexually Transmitted Diseases.”

If you choose to have oral sex, and your partner is female,

use a latex barrier (such as a natural rubber latex sheet, a dental dam or a cut-open condom that makes a square) between your mouth and the vagina. A latex barrier such as a dental dam reduces the risk of blood or vaginal fluids entering your mouth. Plastic food wrap also can be used as a barrier.
If you choose to perform oral sex with either a male or female partner and this sex includes oral contact with your partners anus (analingus or rimming),
use a latex barrier (such as a natural rubber latex sheet, a dental dam or a cut-open condom that makes a square) between your mouth and the anus. Plastic food wrap also can be used as a barrier.

If you choose to share sex toys with your partner, such as dildos or vibrators,

each partner should use a new condom on the sex toy; and
be sure to clean sex toys between each use.

HIV TESTING INFORMATION

Rapid HIV Testing

With an estimated one out of four HIV-positive Americans unaware of their infection, increased opportunities for testing are critical. Rapid HIV antibody tests provide new opportunities to improving access to testing in both clinical and non-clinical settings and increasing the number of people who learn their results.

A human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test uses a blood or oral sample to detect the presence of HIV, the virus that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) the most common type of HIV test detects antibodies produced by the body after HIV infection.

What is OraQuick ADVANCE Rapid HIV-1/2?

Is a single-used, qualitative, immunoassay to detect antibodies to Human immunodeficiency Virus Type 1&2 (HIV-1/2) in oral fluid or fingerstick whole blood. Test results are highly reliable but a negative test does not guarantee that you are healthy. Generally, it can take up to three months for HIV antibodies to develop. This is called “window period”. During this time you can test negative for HIV even though the virus is in your body and you can give it to others. A positive HIV test means that you are infected with HIV and can also give it to others even when you feel healthy.

Results

If the rapid test is used, result will be available the same day. If the rapid test detects HIV antibodies, it is very likely that you are infected with the virus, but this result will need to be confirmed. You will be asked to submit a second specimen for further testing. The results from this confirmatory test will be available to you in about 2 weeks.

Confidential testing: Testing in which results are recorded, but are not given out without permission of the person tested, except as required by state law.

Anonymous testing: Testing in which no information that identifies a person is recorded. Only the person tested can obtain the results.

GLCC HIV CONFIDENTIAL RAPID Testing Schedule:

Monday to Friday
11 am to 8:30 pm

Schedule subject to change. Best to call or email first

(954) 463-9005 or email to jorge@glccsf.org

For information and resources about HIV/AIDS please visit: http://www.hivtest.org/

If you would like more information or have personal concerns, call CDC-INFO 24 Hours/Day at 1-800-CDC-INFO (232-4636), 1-888-232-6348 (TTY), in English, en Español.